Snow and ice dramatically reduces the skid resistance of pavement surfaces – which significantly rises the risk of slipping accidents for pedestrians, cyclists, cars, trucks, and aircrafts. These occurrences may result in serious injuries, traffic congestion, runway closures, flight cancellations, etc. Existing winter operation options, such as salt and chemical reagents, have low efficiency and a slow response rate to changing road conditions. They also come with high operating costs and maintenance, and cause damage to the environment.